The dangers of a shift schedule: night shifts take away years of healthy life

How can we prescribe retroactive shift work in employment contracts?

Attention In particular, this applies to changes to the employment contract for reasons related to: Changes in organizational or technological working conditions How to make changes to the employment contract if they are caused by a change in organizational or technological working conditions in the organization To changes to the employment contract for reasons related to changes in organizational or technological working conditions, can include, for example: In this case, it is prohibited to change the employee’s job function. This is stated in Part 1 of Article 74 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The organization is obliged to notify the employee against signature about upcoming changes related to changes in organizational or technological working conditions, as well as about the reasons that necessitated the need for such changes. This must be done no later than two months before the introduction of such changes. This is stated in Part 2 of Article 74 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Can you help me decipher the work schedule?

Anything more is already overtime hours, which are subject to either double payment or compensation by providing additional rest time in accordance with Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.... In your case, with the new schedule, you will get a huge number of overtime hours, which is again illegal, because that the permissible rate of overtime hours for an employee per year is no more than 120 hours (Article 99 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation)…. Based on the above: * Regarding violations of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation - the new work schedule contradicts the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, unilaterally transferring you to it most likely also had no legal grounds, the employee cannot and should not work without days off, the expected overtime will significantly exceed the permissible amount ….** For overtime pay – double the amount for each hour of overtime work, or additional rest time….

Rules for drawing up a shift schedule in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation

This need is spelled out in .

When creating a collective agreement, a work schedule must be attached to it. The schedule should be drawn up according to the following points:

the working hours for one employee cannot exceed the standards established by the state;
Continuous rest for each employee must exceed 42 hours per week.
some citizens have the opportunity to work under a special regime;
at night, the employee’s workload is reduced by 1 hour;
on a holiday, the employee’s daily work rate is reduced by 1 hour. If the enterprise works continuously, then this hour is compensated by increased pay, or the rest time is increased;
the employee should not work two shifts in a row;

But most production companies cannot afford to provide the required periods of rest, which is why the limit set by the state is exceeded.

Work schedule 2/2 - what is it like? shift work

Article 77 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation with payment of severance pay in the amount of two-week average earnings in accordance with Article 178 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. 2. Now about the new work schedule “day/night/bedtime”... - it is illegal, since it violates Article 110 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the duration of weekly continuous rest cannot be less than 42 hours.

According to established practice, the duration of weekly continuous rest is calculated from the end of work on the eve of the day off until the start of work (shift) on the day following the day off. The minimum duration of weekly continuous rest - 42 hours - must be observed in all organizations when establishing working hours and shift schedules (incl.

Shift work mode: what to remember

Citizens working on a shift work schedule have all the rights guaranteed by labor legislation. Both employer and employee need to remember that:

The duration of working hours for the selected period (month, quarter, etc.) cannot exceed the working time limits established by law.
The duration of a shift for a separate group of workers cannot exceed the limits established by Art. 94 Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
According to the norm of Article 110 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an employee’s weekly uninterrupted rest cannot be less than 42 hours.
An employer is prohibited from obliging an employee to work 2 shifts in a row.
A night shift is considered to be a work shift in which at least ½ of the working time is at night (from 22:00 to 6:00). Therefore, night shift does not have to be strictly included in this time frame.
If the employer skipped or incorrectly completed the stage of agreeing on the shift schedule with the trade union (if there is one), the validity of such a document can be challenged in a court of general jurisdiction.
If an employee is required to work on a holiday (according to the shift schedule), then he has the right to double payment for his work or to choose another day of rest. In the latter case, work on a holiday will be calculated in a single amount.

***

Shift work is a specific type of organization of working time and is regulated by Art. 94, 103 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. With a shift work system, each team (group) of workers must work during the assigned working hours in accordance with the shift schedule. This organization of working time allows the enterprise to carry out continuous activities, produce the maximum possible quantity of products, and use equipment and premises more economically and rationally. However, establishing a shift schedule requires the employer to comply with general and special labor standards and ensure the interests of production and workers.

Shift work schedule - Labor Code - standard hours - HR and accounting specialists often think about this when introducing new work modes in the company. Creating a correct shift work schedule is not an easy task, the solution of which requires a comprehensive analysis of both the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and numerous by-laws.

Under what circumstances does the Labor Code of the Russian Federation allow the introduction of shift work?

Requirements to be observed when developing shift schedules

Introduction of summarized accounting and determination of standard hours for a shift schedule

Shift schedule in the Russian Labor Code

Ivan Shklovets, Deputy Head of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment 2. Answer: How to organize a shift work schedule Grounds for introducing a shift work schedule In what cases can a shift work schedule be introduced in an organization? Shift work is introduced by decision of the employer in cases where: This is stated in part 1 of article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for switching to a shift work mode. What documents need to be drawn up in order to introduce a shift work mode in an organization. In order to switch to a shift work mode, the employer must:

issue an order to introduce a shift work schedule;
reflect the condition on the introduction of a shift regime in the Labor Regulations or the collective agreement (Part 1 of Article 100 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
draw up a shift schedule (Part 2 of Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation);
specify the condition on the introduction of shift work in the employment contract with the employee (Part 1 of Art.

But some categories of employees are entitled to shortened work shifts. Despite the fact that management independently sets the duration of each shift, it cannot be 24 hours.

Which organizations work on a shift schedule? A shift schedule in any of its variations, including two working days and two days off, is typical for any organizations and enterprises that require work around the clock. First of all, this is:

Services that provide emergency assistance and respond in emergency situations are firefighters and police officers, doctors, and rescuers. Help from representatives of these professions may be needed at any time of the day or night, and there is no time to hesitate. Therefore, they cannot do without shift work.
Enterprises and production facilities where work is not expected to stop.

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Labor law
Protection of workers' rights

I work at a factory as a driver on a schedule of 12 days 12 nights off. Due to the shortage of drivers after layoffs, the bosses force me to work on weekends or even two days or two nights in a row, for example 12 days 12 days 12 nights off and back to work or 12 days 12 nights 12 nights dump and again on the day, explaining this by production necessity. How legal is all this and are there working time standards for a day-night-night-off schedule? Let me make a reservation right away that these are not duty vehicles, but those employed in the main production process.

Work schedule 12 hours day night for 2020 table

74 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (since the introduction of such a schedule would obviously be a change in the technological or production process). For the accounting month, Polivanov K.I.

fully worked the hourly quota corresponding to the production calendar (170 hours).

For 60 odd hours you will need to pay an additional salary of 60 x 29.4 = 1,764 rubles.

in the collective agreement (the opinion of the trade union body must be taken into account)
in an employment contract with an individual employee;
in the order to attract an employee to work at specified hours (if this is done one-time or an employee is attracted from a special contingent).
in the regulations on wages (general or issued specifically for night hours);

Calculate salaries, vacation pay and other types of accruals in Simplified 24/7.

Night hours each shift account for 6 hours (from 22:00 to 04:00), for a month this will be 6 x 10 = 60 hours. We need to find the average hourly tariff rate: 25,000 / 170 = 147 rubles. Let's calculate the amount of the night supplement for each hour: 147 x 0.2 = 29.4 rubles.

Employees work according to a schedule (day, night, rest, weekend) and are paid at an hourly rate.

How to issue a withdrawal order.

Changes to an already approved schedule can only be made in the same order in which it was approved.

If an organization's shift schedules are approved by order of the employer, then any changes made to them must also be approved by order; if using the approval stamp, then the changes are approved in the same order. Based on the above, the employer cannot approve a new schedule to replace a temporarily absent employee, increasing the number of working days or shifts for the remaining employees.

There are several options for replacing a sick employee:  arrange and pay the remaining employees to work overtime (on weekdays outside the shift) and to work on weekends (on days that are scheduled to be their days off);  arrange internal part-time work for employees (with their consent) under separate employment contracts (if the situation does not fall under the ban on part-time work);  hire a temporary employee under a fixed-term employment contract.

Are there working hours standards for a day-night-bedtime-weekend schedule?

The only option is to come to an agreement with the employee and formalize the dismissal earlier, but on a different basis, for example, by agreement of the parties, by paying an attractive amount of compensation. When dismissing an employee due to refusal to work under new conditions, in case of a dispute with the employee, the employer must have evidence that will confirm that the change in the terms of the employment contract was a consequence of changes in organizational or technological working conditions. Info This is stated in paragraph 21 of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 17, 2004 No. 2. If the employer cannot provide such evidence and connect one with the other, then a change in the terms of the employment contract, and therefore the dismissal of employees who refused to continue work in new conditions may be considered illegal (see, for example, the ruling of the Moscow City Court dated July 6, 2010 No.

Work schedule for three people 2 per day and night

And each of these modes is, in a sense, optimal. Another thing is that each of these modes has its own optimality criterion.

In the section Changing and finding a job, answer the question How to understand the 2/2 work schedule (day/night/2 days off). given by the author Damir. the best answer is two days - duty 12 hours a day, then two days off.

As a rule, duty is from 8:00 to 20:00 Primary source Experience Black Day Sage (19261) Why not sleep for two days?!

How do you look at your work schedule: day, night, sleep, weekend?

Important To make changes to the employment contract with Dezhneva, an additional agreement has been drawn up. Based on the agreement, an order was issued in form No. T-5 and announced to the employee against signature. An entry about the transfer to another position was made in Dezhneva’s work book and in section III of her personal card in form No. T-2. Special cases of changing an employment contract In what cases should changes be made to an employment contract with an employee in a special manner? In some cases, before drawing up an additional agreement to the employment contract, it is necessary to complete a number of procedures provided for by law.

Standard hours for a shift work schedule according to the labor code

Therefore, the organization can draw it up in any form in the form of an additional agreement to the employment contract. This conclusion follows from Article 72 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and is confirmed by a letter from Rostrud dated November 20, 2006.

No. 1904-6-1. The additional agreement is an integral part of the employment contract. Therefore, make it in two copies - one for each of the parties. The fact that the employee received his copy of the additional agreement will be confirmed by his signature on the employer’s copy. This conclusion allows us to draw part 1 of Article 67 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. If the organization keeps a log of employment contracts, then record in it the issuance of a copy of the additional agreement to the employee. An example of formalizing a change in the mandatory conditions of an employment contract. The organization has a vacant accountant position, to which cashier A.V. is being transferred. Dezhnev.

Questions and answers

Shift work schedule: 2 days, day off, 2 nights, rest day and 2 days off

I’ll add to 3. The main schedules during my work were “standard” - this is the so-called railway (although it is used in many places) - day, night, rest day, weekend. And - in three days (but there with a partner, and the opportunity to sleep 4 hours during the day is officially prescribed (after agreeing with your partner - he, say, sleeps from zero to 4, and you from 4 to 8 - this is an example simple). I also had other schedules, of various types - already like the invention of the employer. But the general principle is one - you don’t have to go where there are 2 or more NIGHTS in a row. And - you must sleep at least a little BEFORE the shift, and as close as possible to her

I worked in different shift schedules for 20 years, from the age of 35 to 55 (due to the need to be at home as much as possible (caring for a relative). This is the experience, in short. TWO nights in a row is really hard. It’s difficult for the body to recover. One night - normal, and before your shift you need to sleep for at least two or three hours (and as close as possible to the time you leave home for work, that is, for example, you went to bed at 15 o’clock, got up at 18, eat and get ready in an hour, and at 19 leaving home is a conditional time, it depends on the start of work and how much time is needed for travel).sleep BEFORE the shift makes it possible to normally work a shift where concentration is needed, and at the same time reduces the time of necessary sleep AFTER work, which was for me important, because the main work at home was from the morning until about 15 o'clock in the afternoon. About health. It didn't affect mine, but I basically didn't go to work for more than one night in a row. Because I tried to work like that once (month, schedule was very similar to yours) - and I realized that it would really affect your health in a bad way

The legislative framework

Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides the concept of shift work and the grounds for introducing a shift work schedule. The legislator attributes the following objective circumstances to the reasons for introducing shift work:

The duration of the production process associated with technological features, in which it is inevitable that the permissible duration of daily work will be exceeded. Or with the urgent need of society for the provision of certain services around the clock. For example: organizations providing security services (private security companies/private security companies); 24-hour emergency medical assistance.
The need for highly efficient operation of technical equipment, a larger number of products, and certain services. For example, 24-hour operation of shops and canteens.

Thus, shift work schedules are widely used in different areas: in the public service sector, in continuous production where conveyors and production lines are involved, the stop of which is not economically feasible.

According to the law, a shift schedule is a document regulating the start and end of work, the type of shift (day, night, etc.), the duration of breaks for rest and food. The shift schedule is work in 2, 3 or 4 shifts.

Features of a shift work schedule in 2020

Optimization of production Aimed at improving the quality of labor Increasing the output of manufactured products For example, to introduce a round-the-clock operating mode of the enterprise Reducing costs For remuneration of employees Legal requirements In certain areas it is prohibited to perform certain work for more than a certain amount of time Optimization of the work and rest regime Other goals -

Art. No. 100 How the working hours are established, as well as the total amount of continuous work Art. No. 101 What is an irregular working day, when it is permissible to involve employees in such work, restrictions imposed on such work Art. No. 102 What is work in a flexible working mode time Art. No. 103 What does a change of work mean? The main features of this procedure are listed Art. No. 104 What is the summarized accounting of working time, how should recalculation be carried out Art. No. 105 How working time is divided into a number of parts

Interesting read: Where to find out rent arrears by last name

Making a shift schedule

To correctly draw up a shift schedule, it is necessary to take into account its basic components:

the accounting period used by the employer and ensuring the balance of working time;
duration of work, which must be ensured by the shift schedule;
the procedure for the transition of workers from one shift to work in another;
actions of an employee when a shift worker fails to show up.

The standard form of the shift schedule is not fixed by law. The employer has the right to prescribe the basic terms of the document in any form. However, the employer is required to take into account the following rules:

according to Part 2 of Art. 91, part 2 art. 104 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the duration of working hours should not exceed the normal number of working hours established by labor legislation;
in accordance with Art. 94 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the duration of daily work (shift) for certain categories of workers should not exceed the limit established by law;
according to Part 1 of Art. 95 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the duration of the work shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday is reduced by one hour;
in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the duration of the shift at night is reduced by one hour without further work;
according to Part 5 of Art. 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, work for two shifts in a row is prohibited;
in accordance with Art. 110 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, weekly continuous rest should not be less than 42 hours;

The maximum permissible duration of a shift has not been established by the legislator, which is confirmed by letter of Rostrud dated December 2, 2009 No. 3567-6-1. Art. requires clarification. 94 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, since the exceptions to this rule are: minors, disabled people, workers with dangerous or harmful working conditions, for whom working time during a shift is limited.

Sample shift schedule:

Working with a shift schedule (mode): night shift and its features

In accordance with the content of Art. 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the night shift is considered to be the implementation by an employee of his labor functions in the period from 10 pm to 6 am. The duration of such a shift is reduced by 1 hour without further work.

This article also lists employees who are prohibited from being assigned to work on the night shift. These include:

Pregnant women.
Minors, with the exception of those who create or perform artistic works.
Other employees. A list of such persons may be provided both in industry regulations and in local regulations of the enterprise.

Persons who may be involved in night work with their prior written consent include:

Women with children under 3 years of age.
Disabled people, regardless of disability group.
Persons with a disabled child.
Workers caring for sick family members. This fact must be confirmed by a medical certificate (act) of the established form.
Single mothers and fathers, guardians raising children under 5 years of age.

Putting the schedule into effect

To introduce a shift schedule, the employer must:

Issue an order to introduce a shift work schedule in any form. The document should indicate the positions for which shift work is established, the timing and procedure for introducing shift work.
According to Part 1 of Art. 100 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation to reflect the condition for the introduction of a shift regime in the labor regulations or collective agreement.
According to Part 2 of Art. 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, draw up a shift schedule. After drawing up the schedule, its draft in accordance with Art. 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, should be sent to the representative body of workers to take into account their opinions. After all procedures, including approval, the document is approved by management by issuing an order.
According to Part 1 of Art. 100, para. 6 hours 2 tbsp. 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, stipulate a condition on the introduction of shift work in the employment contract with the employee.

At Doctor Vlad's

Without exaggeration, chronic lack of sleep is detrimental to the psyche, so an employee needs to closely monitor his physical and mental state, and if his health worsens, seek qualified help and strive to reduce work hours at night as much as possible.

This causes a serious blow to the body and mental state. The employee needs to clearly determine for himself how long he is ready to work at night, whether it is realistic to move up the career ladder within the specified period and how significant this promotion will be, how much he assesses the resource capacity of his body and the stability of the nervous system. It is necessary to make a decision about building a career in this mode of work only after a thorough analysis of all the pros and cons.

07 Jul 2020 glavurist 582

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Standard hours for a shift work schedule according to the Labor Code

Working time recording is the measurement of compliance with an employee’s obligation to fulfill standard working hours. There are modes:

with daily wages;
weekly;
summarized accounting of working hours.

Sum count

According to Part 1 of Art. 104 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, in this special regime, the duration of working hours during the accounting period should not exceed the normal number of working hours, and the accounting period itself cannot exceed 1 year.

Summarized recording of working time is relevant if the employer does not have the opportunity to introduce daily or weekly recording of working time due to the specific nature of work. However, in the accounting period, each week should account for no more than 40 hours of working time.

It is possible to comply with the requirements of the current legislation if you correctly organize the continuous labor process and correctly calculate the standard working time, relying, among other things, on the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated August 13, 2009 No. 588n “On approval of the Procedure for calculating the standard working time for certain calendar periods of time (month, quarter, year) depending on the established duration of working hours per week.” A useful tool when calculating standard hours for a shift work schedule is a working time calculator, with basic values and values already entered into the calculation program.

The introduction of summarized accounting is inevitable if employees must be at the workplace for all 24 hours. For specific work schedules:

2 – 2 – 3;
2 through 2;
three days later;
day - night - sleep - day off and others,

the normal number of working hours for the accounting period is determined based on the weekly working hours established for this category of employees.

part-time (shift);
mainly in the second shift;
part-time work week;
non-working holidays;
weekend,

the normal number of working hours for the accounting period is reduced accordingly; however, payment for night hours during a shift work schedule, payment for overtime hours, the duration of shifts at night and non-working holidays during a shift work schedule are especially taken into account.

The current legislation, namely Article 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, defines night work as from 22.00 to 6.00. Each hour of work that occurs at night must be paid at an increased rate compared to work under normal conditions, according to Art. 154 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The minimum increase in pay for night work is 20% of the hourly rate for each hour.

Following the requirements of Article 153 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, work time on a non-working holiday must be paid in accordance with the rules outlined by labor legislation. However, the employee will be paid in the standard single amount if he chooses to receive another day of rest for working on a non-working holiday.

When drawing up a shift work schedule, weekends fall on different days of the week, and do not always fall on Saturday or Sunday. Therefore, if a work shift falls on a weekend, then this day is considered a working day and the salary is calculated in a single amount.

When recording working hours in aggregate, overtime work includes:

planned overtime - if overtime hours are already indicated in the shift schedule, which could not be drawn up within normal limits;
unplanned overtime – carried out by an employee on the initiative of the employer, for example, when a shift worker fails to show up at the workplace.

Leave during a shift work schedule is provided taking into account the same requirements of the Labor Code that apply to the usual work schedule, i.e. according to Art. 114 Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Daily count

If the employer uses daily calculation, then the certain established norm of work per day does not change and is always the same, regardless of the day of the week. Hours worked in excess of the fixed norm are considered overtime work and are subject to monetary compensation. Following the requirements of Article 100 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, when organizing the labor process, daily time calculation is established for workers who work on a 5- or 6-day working week, with two or one day off, respectively. The length of the working day is equal and fixed. This is enshrined in the internal labor regulations. The reporting period subject to accounting is considered to be 1 business day.

Work time can be recorded weekly. In this case, the daily work time is established and regulated by the shift schedule. Weekly calculation applies to flexible work. With this schedule, the number of working hours per day is not constant. Calculation of labor standards with this approach is done daily, but recording and analysis is carried out weekly. At the same time, the labor standard is observed for a week, and not for one shift. At the end of the week, overtime work is also calculated.

For managers seeking to increase business productivity and profitability, working with a shift schedule is the optimal solution. The rationality of shift work is determined by management; at the same time, implementation in the production process is carried out in strict compliance with the requirements of current legislation and ensuring guarantees for the organization’s employees.

Questions and answers on the topic

The procedure for actions required to be performed in emergency cases is separately indicated: if a shift worker, for one reason or another, does not go to work, as well as the specifics of changing work schedules at the request of the employee. The current legislation, namely Article 96 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, defines night work as from 22.00 to 6.00. Each hour of work that occurs at night must be paid at an increased rate compared to work under normal conditions, according to Art. 154 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The minimum increase in pay for night work is 20% of the hourly rate for each hour.

The doctors, having learned about Marina’s work, spoke unequivocally: “Quit!” At first she laughed: how could she leave, because the pay was good. But after a couple of months I realized that I couldn’t stand it any longer, and wrote a letter of resignation. Now Marina works “like everyone else” - from nine to six. My health has improved. Although the sleep problems went away only after a few weeks, I still have to struggle with high blood pressure.

In general, the schedule should be drawn up in such a way that the norm is observed (that is, it should not include any excesses or shortcomings).

I was recently given such a schedule, so I’m trying to get involved. Some of you may work on such a schedule, whether you like it or not, many say that this gives you more free time, more hours at home. In general, we share our opinions, and how to work at night, we share experience.

Shift work - work in two, three or four shifts - is introduced in cases where the duration of the production process exceeds the permissible duration of daily work, as well as in order to more efficiently use equipment, increase the volume of products or services provided.

When Marina was offered to work on a schedule of “three days during the day, three at night, three days off,” she was even happy.

Answer

The operating mode elements that need to be installed are listed in Art. 100 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, in accordance with the provisions of this article, the working hours must include:

 length of the working week ( five days with two days off, six days with one day off, a work week with days off on a rotating schedule, part-time work week)

 duration of daily work (shift), including part-time work (shift),

 start and finish time of work,

 time of breaks from work,

 number of shifts per day,

 alternation of working and non-working days

They will need to be reflected in the PVTR for the corresponding mode of operation. In this case, we believe that based on the situation described, this will be work in shift mode (Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). Shift work - work in two, three or four shifts - is introduced in cases where the duration of the production process exceeds the permissible duration of daily work, as well as in order to more efficiently use equipment, increase the volume of products or services provided. When working in shifts, each group of workers must work within the established working hours in accordance with the shift schedule.

How to draw up a shift schedule, sample

Typically, two-, three-, or four-shift schedules are established.

At the same time, strict time frames are determined for each shift.

Most often, shift work mode is used in cases where equipment downtime can cause serious damage to the enterprise. If the work requires attentiveness, regular rotation of groups of workers is essential.

This allows us to maintain quality at a high level, reduces the risk of industrial injuries and increases production volumes.

Shift work is also common in institutions providing emergency assistance: doctors, emergency workers, gas and fire services, police officers. At the same time, it is quite common, for example, for guards to have a shift work schedule. If we talk about the time period of one shift, then the range of options ranges from 3 to 12 hours in one day.

The number of shifts is set by the management of the enterprise and is determined by the specifics of the production process and the degree of workload.