The concept of work breaks. Structure of regulated and unregulated breaks.

Most professions today involve working on a computer to one degree or another.

For some, it takes several hours a day, while others work without leaving the computer all day. Today's technologies make it possible to declare the safety of such pastime. Radiation from monitor screens is minimized, which preserves vision and other physical indicators. However, no technology can cope with the fact that a worker has to sit in one position all day and be constantly concentrated on the work process.

Such a busy schedule every day can cause irreparable harm to a person’s health and cause a number of diseases over time. It is the manager’s responsibility to preserve the health of his subordinates to the maximum, providing them not only with work, but also with timely rest. Breaks when working at a computer are a mandatory norm enshrined in the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.

Rest during the working day

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation regulates work and rest time. The articles of the Labor Code contain only general norms, which establish that with a 40-hour work week, a person is obliged to work 8 hours a day. This time does not have to be continuous. It is interrupted for mandatory meals; lunch breaks are most often equal to one hour and divide the working day in half. In addition to rest during the meal period, some professions require technological breaks, which are designed to relieve body fatigue and restore concentration for further high-quality performance of work duties.

Technical pauses must certainly be prescribed in the internal local documents of the organization for each separate group of employees who, by the nature of their activities, must be provided with them. Temporary failure to perform duties is not excluded from general working hours. Most often, such rest is short-lived and is aimed at allowing a person to take a break from the operations being performed and to unwind a little physically and psychologically.

Baby feeding break

Labor legislation provides benefits to women with children, including a break to feed the child.

Article 258 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes that working women with children under the age of one and a half years are provided, in addition to breaks for rest and food, with additional breaks for feeding the child - at least every three hours of continuous work, lasting at least 30 minutes each. If a working woman has two or more children under the age of one and a half years, the duration of the feeding break is set at least one hour.

Breaks for feeding a child are included in working hours and are paid. The timing and procedure for providing breaks are established by the employer at the request of the woman. These breaks, at the request of a woman, can also be added to the break for rest and food or moved to the beginning or end of the working day (Article 258 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). If the nature of the work does not allow the woman to use breaks to feed the child, the employer, in accordance with Art. 254 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is obliged to transfer her to another job with wages not lower than the average earnings for the previous job until the child reaches the age of one and a half years.

Note.
By virtue of Art.
264 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the right to a break to feed the child also applies to fathers raising a child without a mother, and to guardians. A break for feeding a child is provided to a certain employee by order and, as already mentioned, on the basis of his application.

We recommend that you mark breaks for feeding your child on separate lines on your time sheet. Two lines are added opposite the employee’s last name, an alphabetic or numeric code is entered at the top, and the duration of the breaks is indicated at the bottom. But since Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 2004 N 1 does not provide for such a code, the employer must issue an order to supplement the time sheet with a symbol.

Legal regulation

When organizing labor at an enterprise, employers must, first of all, be guided by the norms of the Labor Code. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation has two articles that directly regulate the issue of additional rest:

1. Article 107 says that breaks during a shift are one of the types of mandatory relief from work.
2. Article 109 in paragraph 1 establishes that there are professions that require special breaks during the shift.

The Labor Code does not specify to whom and how much time should be allocated and leaves this issue open to employers. At enterprises, the PVTR must provide a list of positions that are provided with special breaks, and establish the duration of their continuous work, as well as the interval.

When establishing standards, the employer must focus on legislative acts that regulate this or that type of activity. Special instructions are developed at the state level for various professions. They provide data based not simply on the desires of the workers themselves or the capabilities of organizations, but on research information, medical studies, and statistical data.

Breaks for rest and food

In accordance with Art. 108 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, during the working day (shift), the employee must be given a break for rest and food lasting no more than two hours and no less than 30 minutes. In practice, such a break is called “lunch” or “lunch break”. Its duration should be determined based on specific conditions, taking into account the specifics of the employer’s activities and the existing catering organization for employees. The specific duration of lunch is established by internal labor regulations or by agreement between the employee and the employer. A break for rest and food is not included during working hours; accordingly, it is not paid by the employer. At this time, the employee may leave work and use the break time at his own discretion. For your information, the Internal Labor Regulations are a local regulatory act that regulates the procedure for hiring and dismissing employees, the basic rights, duties and responsibilities of the parties to an employment contract, working hours, rest periods, incentives and penalties taken in relation to employees, as well as other issues regulating labor relations. from this employer ( Article 189 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation ). The time for providing a break is also determined in the internal labor regulations or the employment contract with a specific employee. Lunch is usually provided four hours after work starts and lasts one hour. It is possible to divide this hour into two breaks of 30 minutes each. Such a division may occur when the work shift lasts more than eight hours. But if the shift duration is four hours or less, a break for rest and food may not be established. However, there are jobs where, due to production conditions, it is impossible to provide workers with breaks for rest and food. In this case, it is necessary to provide the employee with the opportunity to rest and eat during working hours. The list of such work, as well as places for rest and eating, are established by the internal labor regulations. Lunch breaks are sometimes associated with disputes about dismissal for absenteeism. Let us remind you that absenteeism includes absence from the workplace without good reason for more than four hours in a row during a working day (shift). Is it possible to include a lunch break during an employee’s absence? That is, will it be considered absenteeism, for example, if an employee is absent from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. if he has a lunch break from 12 p.m. to 1 p.m.? There is no clear answer to this question. Some experts believe that lunch cannot be included during an employee’s absence from work, since in this case the employee is free from performing work duties and can use this break at his own discretion ( Article 106 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation ). Other experts believe that lunch does not interrupt the employee's four-hour absence from the workplace. Moreover, both the first and second points of view are confirmed by judicial practice. The author adheres to the second opinion, and here's why. According to Art. 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, working time is the time during which an employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods that, on the basis of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts, relate to working time. However, the Labor Code does not define the working day as working time during the day before lunch and working time after lunch. Thus, a lunch break cannot interrupt the four-hour period required for dismissal under paragraphs. “a” clause 6, part 1, art. 81 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for absenteeism.

Specifics of working on a computer

Working on computer equipment is fraught with a number of negative consequences, and although they are not too noticeable over short periods of time, the accumulation of these factors in the body leads to the development of a number of diseases.

The employer is obliged to take care of the safety of its employees, and workplaces must be certified in accordance with labor protection requirements.

If the certification reveals harmful or dangerous conditions, the worker receives a number of benefits in the form of additional paid rest, special meals and other measures. But even the absence of harmfulness and danger according to the established classes does not cancel the rules for providing additional breaks when working at the computer.

Standard safety instructions for working on a personal computer No. R-45-084-01 No. 162 dated 07/02/2001 indicate the following negative factors that affect employees who spend all their working time on a PC:

1. Reduced ionization of the surrounding airspace.
2. Increased electromagnetic radiation.
3. Increased levels of static electricity.
4. Constant strain on vision.
5. Physical stress.

All of these factors must be removed from employees through mandatory additional technical breaks.

Classification of breaks

Everyone without exception knows that there is a lunch break. In any organization there is a special time allocated for this. However, today there are other breaks during the working day, which employees of certain structures are often unaware of - but in vain. It would be advisable to familiarize yourself in detail with the possibilities of legally taking time away from work. So, experts have developed an appropriate classification. In accordance with it, work breaks are divided into the following numerous groups:

• Special and general.
• Recommended and required.
• Those that are included in wages and those that are not.

Work breaks of a general nature, in accordance with the Labor Code, must be provided to absolutely all workers. This right to rest is enshrined at the legislative level. This group includes a lunch break, as well as possible breaks of short duration so that the employee can organize his personal needs.

Special breaks occur only in certain areas of work activity. In addition, these include work breaks for certain categories of workers. This may include PC users, employees of the tobacco industry, as well as women who have small children (in this case, a break is provided for feeding).

If we touch on recommended and mandatory breaks, then the latter include those whose provision is nothing more than the responsibility of any employer. The need for breaks of a recommended nature in each structure is identified by its own methods and, of course, formalized through local regulations.

A lunch break is required, as well as breaks for feeding and warming the baby, which are of a special nature. It is important to add that almost all types of breaks are included in paid time. However, long breaks for meals and rest in organizations are usually not paid.

Working hours and breaks

Most workers adhere to a single work schedule, namely, immediate duties are performed for 4 hours, and then there is a lunch break, after which the second half of the shift is worked. But for those whose immediate professional responsibilities involve constant work on a computer, this order changes. The standard instruction R-45-084-01 states that this type of work must be interrupted at least once every two hours. Every two hours the employee has the right to leave the workplace. Break times are prescribed in the PVTR, and can also be included in the employment contract and job description.

The duration of rest directly depends on the nature of the employee’s official duties. They are usually divided into the following blocks:

1. Group A - the employee reads information that is displayed on the monitor all day.
2. Group B - the employee enters the necessary information, that is, types on the keyboard.
3. Group B - involves a symbiosis of work from both the first and second blocks, implying not only purely technical execution of tasks, but also a creative approach.

Depending on the group and complexity of the work, the duration of rest is set:

1. Group A has two technological breaks of 15 minutes each, provided that no more than 60 thousand printed characters are read from the monitor per working day. Special breaks divide the pre-lunch and afternoon hours in half.
2. Group B is provided with breaks of 10 minutes every hour of work, if in total no more than 40 thousand characters are printed per shift.
3. Group B rests for 15 minutes every hour, with the obligatory condition that the total duration of such work in one working day will not exceed 6 hours.

Not everyone works an 8-hour workday; for those who work 12 hours, the time is distributed as follows:

1. The first 8 hours are at the same standards as for the normal work schedule.
2. Subsequent hours - 15 minutes for each hour of work, and the classification of the group does not play a role.

The specified rest time is allocated so that the person gets up, warms up physically, rests mentally, but does not remain behind the monitor to solve other tasks, albeit different from the main duties.

Classification of working time costs in relation to the performer.

Topic 6. Study of working time costs

Questions for control and discussion

1. Define labor productivity and reveal its connection with the cost of production.

2. Expand the content of profitability and name the reserves for increasing it.

3. Expand the content of the types of labor intensity.

4. Explain what factors should be associated with an increase in the growth rate of labor productivity at Russian enterprises.

5. Reveal the essence of methods for measuring labor productivity and their characteristics.

6. Tell us how the content of socio-psychological factors affects labor productivity.

7. How does the performance management process fit into the overall management process?

In order to find out what parts make up the various labor standards, it is necessary to study the classification of working time costs. The classification of working time costs has the meaning of grouping them in such a way that would make it possible to objectively analyze the feasibility of using working time in relation to the performer, equipment and labor process.

In relation to the performer, all working time costs must be ungrouped in such a way as to reveal not only the workload, but also the nature of the worker’s employment when performing a production task.

Table 6.1. Classification of working time costs in relation to the performer

Working time is the duration of the working day established by law, during which workers must perform the work assigned to them at an enterprise, institution or organization. Working time is divided into two groups:

1. Working hours;

2. Break time.

Working hours —

the period during which the employee prepares and directly performs the work received. It consists of work time to complete the production task and time of work not provided for by the production task.

Working time to complete a production task

consists of the following categories of costs of the performer's working time: preparatory and final time, operational time and time for servicing the workplace.

Working time not provided for by the production task

This is the time spent doing random and unproductive work (for example, correcting defective products).

Break times —

This is the time during which the employee does not participate in work. It is divided into the time of regulated and time of unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks in work

includes time for breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process, as well as time for rest and personal needs.

Time of unregulated breaks in work -

This is a time of interruptions in work caused by a disruption in the normal flow of the production process. It includes the time of breaks in work caused by shortcomings in the organization of production, and the time of breaks in work caused by violations of labor discipline.

The length of rest breaks depends on working conditions.

In relation to equipment, all time spent should be disaggregated so as to carefully identify the pattern of its use over time.

Rice. 6.1. Working hours of machines and devices

In relation to the production process, all time spent must be ungrouped in such a way as to reveal the nature of their content.

Rice. 6.2. Production process time

The contents of piece time include:

— operational time – Top.;

— extra time – Tdp.

Operating time (Top) —

This is the time spent performing a given job (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production. It is divided into main (To), during which the object undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes (for example, removing chips from a part on a lathe), and auxiliary (Tv), which is spent on the actions of the performer to ensure the completion of the main work (for example, installation and removal details).

Additional time (Tdp)., consists of the time spent on servicing the workplace Tob. and time needed for rest and physiological (natural) needs Totl.

Workplace service time Tob. divided into two parts:

1) Organizational maintenance time, which includes the time required to care for the workplace throughout the shift, for example, time for inspecting the machine and testing it, for lubrication and cleaning, arranging tools at the beginning and end of the shift, handing over the machine to the replacement, receiving instructions in during the working day.

2) Maintenance time includes the time required for a worker to change a dull tool, clean the machine from chips, adjust and adjust it during operation.

The time of breaks for rest and natural needs Totl when working on metal-cutting machines is established according to standards depending on the production conditions and operation of the equipment. It is calculated as a percentage of operational time, Co. Rest periods also include physical education breaks.

Value Tp.z. depends on the type of production. In single and small-scale production, where there are frequent readjustments of equipment due to changes in the task, it takes approximately 12-19%, in large-scale production - 3-9%, in mass production - 1-3% of working time.

The preparatory-final time has the following features:

1. It is spent by the worker only at the beginning and at the end of work on a given batch of parts, and its duration does not depend on the number of pieces in the batch.

2. Standardized and priced separately, a technically justified standard of time for preparatory and final work and piece rates are usually indicated in working order or in a special order with a distinctive blue or red stripe, which makes it possible to identify the actual time spent on preparatory and final work and take measures to their elimination or reduction to a minimum for the main workers, since these costs essentially represent hidden reserves for further increasing labor productivity.

3. In mass and large-scale production in areas where the same operations are repeated continuously, as well as in serial production when working on machines that require complex setup, the time spent on preparatory and final work is not included in the technically justified time limit for an operation, since this work is performed by adjusters and auxiliary workers (usually during shifts or lunch breaks), and the time required for periodic adjustment (adjustment to the size of malfunctioning equipment) is taken into account when determining the time spent on servicing the workplace. In production of all types, as analysis shows, it is necessary to free production workers from performing all kinds of preparatory and final work or, in extreme cases, reduce them to a minimum (as is, for example, provided for in time standards). One should strive for such an organization of service for workers in which material, workpieces, tools, fixtures and documentation are delivered to the workplace in a timely manner and then removed, as a result of which the expenditure of working time on this part of the preparatory and final time is reduced in every possible way.

Thus, all working time is normalized useful and is completely used by workers only for productive work.

In lagging areas and enterprises, where technical standardization is in a neglected state and instead of technically sound standards, experimental and statistical ones are used, workers waste time irrationally. Here, only part of it is spent on useful work /productive/, and the rest of the time is spent on unproductive work and various types of losses. In such areas, it is possible to divide working time into standardized and non-standardized, and, therefore, identify reserves for increasing labor productivity.

In this case, the standardized time includes: all of the above categories of working time costs, but the standardized time is not completely useful, but includes various hidden losses, which are a huge reserve for increasing labor productivity and reducing production costs.

1. Under the loss of working time due to unproductive work Tp.n. refers to time expenditures not provided for by technically sound standards. Such losses include: machine repair; mending marriage; search for a master, adjuster; tool sharpening / as a result of the lack of centralized sharpening /.

2. Breaks beyond the control of the worker are losses of time for organizational and technical reasons. These include interruptions in work due to problems in the organization of production /waiting for materials, work orders, drawings, blanks, tools, containers, etc./ or lack of compressed air energy, equipment breakdown, / i.e. technical reasons.

3. If we consider working time in relation to equipment, then losses for organizational and technical reasons mean the time when the equipment is being set up or maintained.

4. Lost working time for reasons depending on the worker includes: late start and early finish of work, leaving the workplace.

Working time, depending on the nature of the worker’s participation in production operations, can be the time of manual work, machine-manual work, and the time of observing the operation of equipment.

When analyzing working time, it is necessary to identify manual time that overlaps and does not overlap with machine time.

So part of the manual time for performing preparatory and final, auxiliary actions and actions for servicing the workplace can be performed during machine, automatic operation of the equipment, that is, during the period of monitoring the equipment (familiarization with the drawing and work order, sweeping away chips, etc. ). The labor standard includes only manual time, not overlapped by machine time.

The time spent observing the operation of a machine can be active or passive. Active time is the period during which a worker monitors the progress of the technological process, compliance with specified parameters or the operation of equipment, i.e. controls the correctness of the process.

During this time, the worker's presence at the workplace is necessary, although he does not perform any physical work. The active control time is included in the time standard.

During passive observation, the worker can observe the operation of the equipment, because not occupied in accordance with the provided technology or free.

All working time is divided into normalized and non-standardized,

The normalized period includes all working time, i.e. preparatory and final, operational, time for servicing the workplace, time for breaks for rest and natural needs, as well as breaks due to technology and organization of production.

Irregular time is the time of breaks, depending on various problems in production and various types of losses depending on the worker.

Equipment usage time consists of equipment operation time and work breaks.

Equipment operating time is the period of time during which the equipment is in operation. It is divided into working and idling times. The operating time is the time when the equipment is in operation and basic operations are performed on it.

In order to study the actual expenditure of working time on the performance of individual works, operations and elements of operations, to study labor methods used by leading production workers, to identify the best and unnecessary work methods, to determine the best content and sequence of performance of individual elements of an operation, it is necessary to conduct systematic observation and measurement of worker costs time in production.

Workplace equipment

The employer is obliged to provide people with decent jobs. When performing duties on a computer, you should consider:

1. Square footage of the room. According to the rules, one person should have from 4.5 to 6 sq.m., depending on the size of the monitor.
2. Lighting. It must be sufficient and have not only natural sources. The better the workplace is lit, the less strain on the eyes.
3. Furniture. For those working on personal computers, specialized furniture is purchased that allows you to hold your hands correctly, not strain your back, and place your legs comfortably. The greatest attention in this matter should be paid to chairs; they should have a comfortable angle of inclination and be adjustable in height. Special stands are made for the feet.

Equipping a workplace is a rather serious task; the employer is obliged to take into account the requirements of Sanitary Indicators and other legislative standards.

Special breaks for warming and rest

Based on Art. 109 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for certain types of work provides for the provision of special breaks to employees during working hours, determined by the technology and organization of production and labor. The types of these works, the duration and procedure for providing such breaks are established by the internal labor regulations. In particular, such breaks are due:

• workers performing work in the cold season outdoors or in closed, unheated rooms;
• loaders involved in loading and unloading operations;
• other employees as necessary.

Please note that Part 2 of Art. 109 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes the employer’s obligation to equip special premises for heating and resting of employees. To normalize the employee’s thermal state, the air temperature in heating areas should be maintained at 21 – 25 °C. In addition, the room should be equipped with devices for heating hands and feet. Their temperature should be in the range of 35 – 40 °C. This is the requirement of clause 5.8 of the Methodological Recommendations “Work and rest regimes for workers in cold weather in open areas or in unheated premises” (MR 2.2.7.2129-06), approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on September 19, 2006 (hereinafter referred to as the Methodological Recommendations). To avoid hypothermia, workers should not be in the cold during breaks at work for more than 10 minutes at air temperatures below -10 °C and no more than 5 minutes at air temperatures below this mark. Warm-up breaks can be combined with breaks to restore the employee's functional state after performing physical work. During the lunch break, the employee must be provided with hot meals. You should start working in the cold no earlier than 10 minutes after eating hot food (tea, etc.). To determine the number of breaks for heating workers performing work in the cold season outdoors or in closed unheated rooms, employers should focus on the maximum permissible degree of human cooling specified in the appendices to the Methodological Recommendations. The permissible duration of exposure to the cold once per work shift, depending on the category of work performed and the air temperature, and the number of 10-minute breaks for heating (over a four-hour period of the work shift) should be determined according to Tables 2 - 13 of the Methodological Recommendations.