Types and forms of economic activity, its organization

What it is

The manufacturing sector is a collection of various industries that specialize in the creation of material goods, products and services.

Each manufacturing enterprise focuses on only one type of activity, that is, it operates in its own area of ​​production.
In more rare cases, organizations specialize in creating a product and selling it. Manufacturing organizations include organizations that produce, sell, sort and transport goods. To understand which industries are classified as manufacturing, study the general classification.

Organization - what is it?

This concept includes a group of people who have a certain common goal and take all the necessary actions to achieve it . Moreover, most often, each individual participant also has his own personal interests related to his activities in this organization.

As a rule, in order for the planned plan to be carried out, responsibilities must be clearly distributed in the work and their implementation must be monitored. This requires a manager position who can cope with such tasks. Usually he is involved in coordinating employees, establishing general procedures and rules. The division of labor can be horizontal or vertical. In the first case, we mean the distribution of tasks assigned to employees, and in the second, the allocation of specific levels of coordination (responsibilities that differ from the overall work). Also, among other things, a good manager must know at what stage of the life cycle the enterprise entrusted to him is, since the feasibility of the decisions he makes directly depends on this.

Another sign of a real organization is internal relationships and relationships, interaction with the outside world and the use of all possible and necessary resources (human, material, etc.).

All activities are necessarily subordinated to a specific mission, that is, a document defining the structure of the group, principles of work, goals to achieve and tasks for their implementation. In a broad sense (from a philosophical point of view), a mission is necessary to understand the meaning of the organization’s existence and its difference from others.

Industry classification

The production sector includes a large number of industries, ranging from construction to agriculture. In turn, each concept is subdivided into a smaller branch. Thus, it is possible to classify the type of activity of the enterprise.

It is worth noting that each type of activity has its own code. For a unified and simplified classification, OKONH is used.

With its help, it is possible to simplify the maintenance of statistics. Any organization engaged in the creation of goods is assigned a code that characterizes the type of activity.

Types of economic activities

There are several types of economic activities:

• A household is a business run by a group of people living together.
• A small enterprise is an economic unit engaged in the production of a relatively small number of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, the owner uses his own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
• Large enterprises are enterprises that mass produce goods. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint stock company.
• A national economy is a collection of economic activities throughout the country. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, tries to ensure sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the well-being of the entire population.
• The world economy is an economic system in which there are relationships between different countries and peoples.

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Building sector

Organizations that belong to the construction industry specialize in the construction of buildings. The following types of buildings are created:

• industrial
• cultural
• transport
• administrative
• household

Depending on the type of buildings that the organization constructs, the type of activity of the company is determined. Construction requires skilled workers. During the construction of buildings, the standards established by regulatory legal acts are observed.

The work is carried out by medium and large companies. The construction industry is dominated by organizations that build residential buildings. Developers are creating a large number of residential properties.

It is worth noting that sometimes the construction industry includes companies engaged in the maintenance, repair, reconstruction and renovation of buildings.

Construction is carried out with the following work:

1. Survey - study of relief, environment, soil properties.
2. Design - work includes the design of each element.
3. Construction and installation - construction of an object according to a previously created project.
4. Commissioning - putting into operation a constructed building or structure.

Objects are built in full compliance with technical regulations. Construction is a large manufacturing industry that impacts the economy.

Definition of production personnel

Labor collective - employees officially included in the staffing table. Not all positions are equally important for the production of the main product.

Workers are divided into categories:

• Administration staff and managers. The category includes managers who provide the functionality of the enterprise as a whole and its individual structures (workshops, departments). The administrative resource creates the infrastructure.
• Production personnel are the workshop workers who produce products.

If we are not talking about factory buildings, then the production personnel of the organization determine the services according to their profile. In education it is a teacher, in healthcare it is a doctor, in a restaurant it is a cook.

The personnel structure is hierarchical; each position requires special qualities from a person. Managers are expected to have initiative, creativity, decision-making skills, responsibility for the team and the work of the assigned area. From production workers - discipline, diligence, ability to do monotonous work.

The production personnel of an administrative management organization are officials, their assistants and deputies. Secretaries, housekeeping workers, cleaning staff, buffet staff, and security are considered secondary positions.

For a small company, the division of personnel does not play a significant role in management. In a large enterprise, separating production personnel into a separate category provides insight into the need for additional employee training or outsourced recruitment during busy periods.

The approved Qualification Directory can serve as a guideline for determining the category of an employee. The professions of blue-collar and white-collar workers are listed here.

Agricultural

Agriculture is an important part of the manufacturing sector. This concept combines animal husbandry and crop production. Livestock farming means:

• poultry farming
• pig farming
• cattle breeding

Crop production consists of:

• fruit growing
• vegetable growing
• growing cereals

The task of agriculture is to provide food for people. In addition, an indirect objective is to create raw materials for other industries. Agriculture directly affects the country's food security.

Agriculture is carried out by private and state enterprises. The result of the activity is realized independently or through other organizations.

United Nations: history of creation and tasks

The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.

On February 11, 1945, following meetings in Yalta, US, UK and USSR leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”

On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter.

Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat, the total number of persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood the largest international meeting ever held.

The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.

On June 25, 1945, the Charter of 111 articles was unanimously adopted.

The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.

The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945, by which date the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.

UN members have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal in international relations to threaten or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

192 states of the world are members of the UN.

Main bodies of the UN: - The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote). — The UN Security Council operates constantly. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.

Over the entire existence of the UN, UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations. — The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., and make recommendations to the General Assembly on any of them. — The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues. — The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization’s activities. The Secretariat is headed by the chief administrative officer of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).

The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, and international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.

The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The official languages ​​of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In 2001, the award “For contribution to creating a more organized world and strengthening world peace” was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

Industrial organizations

The industrial sector includes organizations that specialize in extraction and processing. In addition, this includes enterprises engaged in the creation of goods. The following industries are distinguished:

• forest
• light
• food
• fuel
• electric power
• chemical
• microbiological
• glass

Industrial enterprises are divided into two groups: processing and mining. The entire production sector depends on the level of industry. Processing plants produce goods from supplied raw materials. Miners extract raw materials and then supply them to other organizations. There are companies that independently engage in extraction and processing.

Technical division

The differentiation of types of labor activity that occurs between sub-sectors and employees of an organization is called the technical division of labor. The work process is also fragmented into several partial operations or functions according to the specialization of employees in the process of economic activity.

There are main types of division of labor in the enterprise itself:

• technological, which implies the division of the production process into types, phases and cycles;
• operational - assigns individual operations to employees in order to reduce production cycles;
• functional - occurs between different categories of employees who are part of the staff;
• professional - affects groups of people who perform the same type of work, own the same tool or production technology;
• qualification - characterized by varying degrees of level of work and consists of a division between complex work and simple work, taking into account the complexity of manufacturing products, as well as the functions of implementing the labor process; This also includes quality control of products.

Trade

Through trade, goods that were produced by industrial or agricultural enterprises are sold. Trade is divided into the following types:

• retail
• wholesale
• wholesale and retail

Trade participants are considered to be the seller and the buyer. By collecting taxes from people who sell goods, a large part of the budget of a country or a particular region is formed.

Retail trade is considered the most common. In this case, the products are sold through stationary, delivery, distance and market trade. Stationary retail sales are carried out through specially prepared buildings (shops, shopping centers, kiosks).

How is Human Rights Day celebrated in Russia?

12/10/1990.
Demonstrators on Pushkin Square during mass protests on Human Rights Day. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Mikhalev Since 1977, human rights activists have been holding a so-called “Silence Rally” on International Human Rights Day on Pushkin Square in Moscow. Also on this day, Russian journalists are awarded the Andrei Sakharov Prize “For Journalism as an Act.”

As a rule, on this day rallies are held dedicated to events in the country and the world that cause a strong resonance in society as unfair, inhumane and degrading to the dignity of people.

Transport network

Transport industry - transportation of raw materials and goods. There are freight and passenger transportation. It is worth noting that passenger transportation belongs to the non-production sector. The following types of transportation are distinguished:

• aviation
• railway
• automotive
• maritime

The work of transport companies determines how raw materials or products obtained through agriculture or industry will be sold.

More often, goods and raw materials are transported within a country from one point to another using road and rail transportation. Large goods are transported between countries using ships. Air transportation is considered the most expensive method of travel.

Passengers are transported using public transport. A fee is charged per person for the move. To move people, they use planes, buses, trams, trains, cars, and ships.

Universal Treaty on Human Rights

Celebration of this day began in 1950 after the General Assembly adopted a resolution calling on all states and interested organizations to establish December 10 of each year as Human Rights Day.

“All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and must act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood,” says the first article of the Declaration of Human Rights.

There are a total of 30 articles in the document. They emphasize the principles of dignity, liberty, equality and fraternity, proclaim the right to life and the prohibition of slavery, define the rights of the citizen in society, define social, economic and cultural rights, proclaim spiritual, social and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association.

In 1948, at a meeting of the UN General Assembly, the Declaration was supported by the majority of participating countries, and only 10 countries abstained or voted against. Among the latter was the Soviet Union. Only after the USSR joined the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976 did the USSR formally join the circle of countries that recognized and pledged to respect human rights.

The Declaration has been translated into more than 300 languages ​​and has become one of the most widespread texts in world history. In many state constitutions, primarily those adopted after the Second World War, the ideas of the first article of the Declaration are present in one form or another.

Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish version of the Declaration of Human Rights. Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org

Public catering

Public catering is often classified as a trade industry, but public catering can be a combination of several industries. Public catering establishments are often involved in the production and sale of products. The following types of public catering establishments are distinguished: bars, restaurants, cafes.

It is worth noting that public catering serves both individuals (canteens inside enterprises) and everyone (organizations located in public places).

Catering as a manufacturing industry can exist separately. One organization creates and sells food products.

Logistics

Enterprises that specialize in technical support supply other organizations. The industry of organizations involved in logistics includes manufacturers:

• containers
• equipment
• Supplies
• spare parts
• components

Industrial and agricultural enterprises are supplied with technical products. Manufacturing industries need logistics to solve the following problems:

• storage of prepared raw materials
• accounting
• product creation

With the help of supplies, the constant operation of the enterprise is ensured.

What types of activities are allowed during quarantine?

The Ministry of Labor has made changes to the list of continuously operating organizations whose work is permitted from March 28 to April 30 according to Presidential Decree No. 206 of March 25, 2020 and Presidential Decree No. 239 of April 2, 2020. New clarifications are given in the letter of the Ministry of Labor dated March 26, 2020 N 14-4/10/P-2696 (as amended from March 27, 2020 N 14-4/10/P-2741).

In Decree No. 239, Vladimir Putin expanded the list of organizations that continue to operate until April 30: continuously operating organizations; medical and pharmacy organizations; organizations providing the population with food and essential goods; organizations performing urgent work in an emergency situation and (or) when there is a threat of the spread of a disease that poses a danger to others, in other cases threatening the life, health or normal living conditions of the population; organizations carrying out emergency repair and loading and unloading operations; organizations providing financial services in terms of urgent functions (primarily settlement and payment services); other organizations determined by decisions of the highest executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation based on the sanitary and epidemiological situation and the characteristics of the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Letter of the Ministry of Labor dated March 26, 2020 N 14-4/10/P-2696, as amended by letter of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated March 27, 2020 N 14-4/10/P-2741 Excerpt from the letter of the Ministry of Labor as amended: Introduction of non-working days does not apply to employees of organizations: medical and pharmacy organizations, organizations ensuring the continuity of their production and technological activities, as well as social service organizations; CONTINUALLY operating organizations in which it is impossible to suspend activities due to production and technical conditions. In addition, organizations in the field of energy, heat supply, water treatment, wastewater treatment and wastewater disposal; operating hazardous production facilities and subject to a regime of constant state control (supervision) in the field of industrial safety; organizations operating hydraulic structures; nuclear industry organizations; construction organizations, the suspension of whose activities will pose a threat to the safety, health and lives of people; agricultural industry organizations engaged in spring field work; organizations providing the population with food and essential goods; organizations that, in order to provide the population with food and essential goods, provide warehousing, transport and logistics services; trade organizations; organizations performing urgent work in emergency circumstances, in other cases threatening the life and normal living conditions of the population, including enterprises producing personal protective equipment, disinfectants, medicines, medical devices, thermal television recorders, non-contact thermometers and installations air disinfection, as well as enterprises producing materials, raw materials and components necessary for their production; organizations whose activities are related to protecting public health and preventing the spread of the new coronavirus infection; organizations in the field of industrial and consumer waste management; organizations providing housing and communal services to the population; organizations of the petroleum product supply system; organizations providing financial services in terms of urgent functions; organizations providing transport services to the population; organizations carrying out emergency repair and loading and unloading operations; The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and its territorial bodies, which ensure the payment of pensions, as well as the implementation of other social payments to citizens; Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation and its territorial bodies, ensuring the organization and implementation of payments for compulsory insurance in case of temporary disability and in connection with maternity, as well as in connection with an industrial accident or occupational disease; The Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and territorial compulsory medical insurance funds, which perform the functions of ensuring payment to medical organizations for the medical care provided.

Link: https://www.budgetnik.ru/news/104424-mintrud-obnovil-spisok-nepreryvno-deystvuyushchih-organizatsiy

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Interrelation of industries with each other

Manufacturing sectors are closely related to each other. Based on the results of one of the industries, the state of the other depends. As an example, the following correlations are given:

• connection between crop production and livestock production
• connection between livestock farming and the food industry
• connection between the chemical industry and crop production

In addition, there are other successful examples of interconnection. An economy in which livestock farming, crop production, industry, housing construction, retail trade and transport is developed is considered successful.

How important is the production sector in the economy?

The production sector plays a major role in economic development. It is considered the basis of society. First of all, agriculture is highlighted, which allows us to supply people with food. Next are industry, construction and trade. Industry allows a person to obtain the necessary raw materials or goods.

Manufacturing sectors, together with non-productive sectors, form the economy of the state.

The production sector is part of the national economy. The level of the non-productive sphere, which includes management, services and education, depends on its development. In addition, it affects the overall development indicator of the state.

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Forms of economic activity

Definition 1

The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the relationship of this enterprise with other counterparties and government bodies.

There are several forms of economic activity:

• Individual form;
• Collective form;
• Corporate form.

An individual form of economic activity as an enterprise whose owner is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk of carrying out his business activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional hired labor, but in a rather limited quantity (no more than 20 people).

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If we talk about the collective form of economic activity , then there are three types: business partnerships, business companies, joint-stock companies.

Business partnerships can be in the form of: full partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership is an organization that is based on collective ownership. As a rule, it is an association of several individuals or legal entities. All participants in this type of partnership bear full, unlimited liability for all obligations of the partnership. The property of a general partnership is formed from the contributions of its participants and income received in the process of carrying out its activities. All property belongs to the participant of the general partnership on the basis of shared ownership.

A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners bear full liability for all obligations of the partnership, the remaining investors are liable only to the extent of their capital.

Business companies include : limited liability company, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the contributions of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise within a year this company will be transformed into a joint stock company.

An additional liability company is an organization whose authorized capital is divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This type of company is formed by one or more persons. For all obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in an amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.

A joint stock company is a form of economic activity, all of whose funds are formed by pooling the capital of the founders, as well as issuing and placing shares. Participants in a joint stock company are liable for all obligations of the company in an amount equal to contributions.

In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of use of the enterprise's capital, various organizational and legal forms can unite into so-called corporate forms of entrepreneurship . These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional unions.

A concern is an association of organizations that carry out joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concerts have scientific and technical functions, functions of production and social development, functions of foreign economic activity, etc.

A consortium is an association of an organization created for a temporary period to solve certain problems. In our country, a consortium is created to implement government programs using organizations of any form of ownership.

Industry and regional unions are associations of organizations on contractual terms. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.