Which employees need electrical safety groups?

Dear friends. Today I continue to publish instructions that are necessary for occupational health and safety at work. Please note that all instructions must be adjusted for each production. Today we will look at the instructions entitled: “Instructions on electrical safety for electricians, non-electrical and electrical engineering personnel of the enterprise”

General labor protection requirements. Electrician safety instructions

General provisions and definitions. Electrician safety instructions

This Electrical Safety Instruction has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the current Russian Rules - “Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations” (PUE). “Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations” (PTEEP), “Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations.”

The electrical safety instructions include the minimum amount of knowledge and requirements for non-electrical and electrical engineering personnel (hereinafter referred to as the Personnel).

Non-electrical personnel are production personnel that do not fall under the definition of “electrical” or “electrotechnological” personnel.

Electrotechnological personnel are personnel whose main component in the technological process they control is electrical energy (for example, electric welding, electrothermal, electrolysis, etc.), who use manual electric machines, portable power tools and lamps, and other workers in their work. for whom the job description requires knowledge of the current Rules.

The machines, mechanisms, devices, tools, and protective equipment used by personnel during work must be registered, inspected and tested in accordance with the current Russian Rules and Standards.

Personnel must comply with the requirements of the current Russian Rules, Standards, these instructions, instructions received during training, Internal Labor Regulations, and Personal Hygiene Rules.

The employer is responsible for the state of labor protection at the enterprise; The personnel is responsible for compliance with the requirements of the current Rules, Norms, instructions, and labor protection standards.

Persons guilty of violating labor protection legislation are held accountable in the prescribed manner.

Personnel requirements. Electrical safety instructions

Non-electrical personnel performing work that may pose a risk of electric shock are assigned electrical safety group I.

The list of positions and jobs that require classification of production personnel into Group I for electrical safety is determined by the head of the enterprise.

Personnel who have mastered the electrical safety requirements related to their production activities are assigned group I with registration in a journal of the established form.

Assignment to group I is made through instruction, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills in safe ways of working or providing first aid in case of electric shock.

Assignment of electrical safety group I is carried out by an employee from among the electrical personnel of a workshop or department that has an electrical safety group of at least III

Certificates are not issued to non-electrical personnel.

Electrical technological personnel who service electrical technological installations, manual electrical machines, portable and mobile electrical receivers, and portable power tools are assigned group II for electrical safety.

This category of workers must pass a test of knowledge of the Rules and other regulatory and technical documents (rules and instructions for the installation of electrical installations, technical operation, within the requirements for the relevant position or profession and have sufficient skills and knowledge to safely perform the work and maintenance assigned to him equipment, installations.

The list of positions and professions of electrical engineering personnel who need to have group II in electrical safety is approved by the head of the enterprise.

Testing knowledge for group II in electrical safety is carried out at the shop qualification commission with registration in a journal of the established form and issuance of a certificate of testing knowledge of the rules of work in electrical installations.

Managers who are directly subordinate to electrical personnel must have an electrical safety group no lower than that of subordinate personnel.

Knowledge testing of non-electrical and electrical engineering personnel is carried out at least once a year.

Non-electrical and electrical engineering personnel must know (basic technical knowledge) about the electrical installation and its equipment, have a clear understanding of the dangers of electric current, the danger of approaching live parts, know the basic precautions when working in electrical installations and practically be able to provide first aid to victims.

General concepts about electrical installations and electrical premises

There are low voltage electrical installations - up to 1000 Volts and high voltage electrical installations - above 1000 Volts AC.

An electrical installation is a set of machines, devices, lines and auxiliary equipment (together with the structures and premises in which they are installed) intended for the production, transformation, transformation, transmission, distribution of electrical energy and its conversion into another type of energy.

An active electrical installation is an electrical installation or part thereof that is energized, or to which voltage can be applied by turning on switching devices.

Electrical rooms are rooms or fenced off (for example, nets) parts of the room in which electrical equipment is located. accessible only to electrical service personnel.

With regard to the danger of electric shock to people, the following are distinguished:

• premises without increased danger;
• high-risk premises;
• especially dangerous premises.

In terms of the danger of electric shock to people, the territory of open electrical installations is equated to especially dangerous premises.

All workshops are classified as high-risk and especially dangerous premises (they are treated differently for each enterprise).

Electrical hazard. Electrical safety instructions

The main danger of electric current is that a person does not see it.

The human body is a conductor of electric current. When flowing through the human body, electric current can produce damaging effects of various types:

• thermal (burns, body heating),
• mechanical (tissue rupture, skeletal damage),
• light (eye damage),
• electrolytic (decomposition of blood and other organic liquids),
• biological (paralysis, nervous system dysfunction),
• complex, including simultaneously several of the above actions.

Electrical injuries are clearly defined local damage to body tissues caused by exposure to electric current or electric arc. The following electrical injuries are distinguished:

• electrical burns,
• electrical signs,
• metallization of the skin,
• mechanical damage.

Electrical burns occur during various short circuits, accompanied by sparking, strong heating of conductors, and ignition of an electric arc. Electrical burns can vary in severity (degrees 1 - 4). Burns of 1 and 2 degrees (redness of the skin, formation of blisters) most often occur in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, more severe burns of 3 and 4 degrees (necrosis of the entire thickness of the skin, charring of tissue) are usually caused by an electric arc in electrical installations with voltages higher 1000 V.

Electrical signs are special marks-spots of gray or pale yellow color on human skin, which are formed as a result of the thermal effect of current when touching metal live parts.

Metallization of the skin is the penetration into the upper layers of the skin of the smallest particles of metal melted and evaporated when the arc ignites. A metalized area of ​​human skin becomes gray in color, becomes hard and rough, and causes pain.

Mechanical damage is the result of involuntary muscle contractions caused by electrical current flowing through a person. Convulsive muscle contractions can lead to rupture of skin, blood vessels and nerves, tendons, and even dislocation of joints and broken bones.

Electric shock is an electric shock to the body as a whole, causing disruption of physiological processes in it, manifested in convulsive muscle contractions, loss of consciousness, partial or complete cessation of breathing and cardiac activity. In the most severe cases, electrical shock can be fatal. The death of a person due to an electric shock can occur from suffocation (as a result of spasm of the respiratory muscles of the chest), from cardiac arrest or fibrillation (random contraction), or from electric shock (a severe neuro-reflex reaction of the body). When fibrillation occurs, a person’s heart stops pumping blood and cannot return to normal function on its own. Therefore, in the absence of qualified medical care, a person dies within a few minutes from oxygen starvation. First of all, in the case of clinical death, that is, cardiac arrest or fibrillation, the most highly organized cells of the cerebral cortex die within 6×8 minutes. Consequently, if after clinical death the victim is not revived within 8 minutes by resuscitation, intellectual death occurs (death of brain cells), and then biological death - the death of all other cells.

Electric shock is a reaction of the body in response to strong irritation by electric current, accompanied by dangerous disorders of blood circulation, breathing, metabolism, etc. The state of shock lasts from several tens of minutes to a day. After this, either the death of the body may occur as a result of complete extinction of vital functions, or complete recovery as a result of timely active therapeutic intervention.

A long-term permissible alternating current, that is, a current that does not cause any painful phenomena even when flowing through the human body for an indefinitely long time, should not exceed 10 mA (dangerous current).

Electrical alternating current of 100 mA or higher is considered fatal to humans.

Low (safe) voltage for humans is considered to be a voltage not exceeding 50 Volts AC and 110 Volts DC

Special requirements for used electrical products and equipment

Requirements for electrical extension cords

Electrical extension cords must comply with the specified operating conditions and the current network voltage, and must also be cataloged and certified by a special organization for product safety testing and certification.

Electrical extension cords with multiple outlets must be equipped with a circuit protection device.

Non-serialized, custom-made, single-outlet extension cords must be suitable for the specified operating conditions and line voltage, and must be manufactured from registered and approved components. Non-series extension cords with one outlet are plugged into the mains and tested only by qualified personnel.

Electrical extension cords used in the work must be taken into account at the enterprise (in the division), undergo periodic inspection and testing within the time limits and volumes established by technical regulations, technical specifications for products, the current scope and standards for testing electrical equipment and electrical installation devices

Requirements for portable electrical tools and lamps, hand-held electrical machines

Portable power tools and lamps, hand-held electrical machines must meet the requirements of technical regulations. Russian state standards and technical specifications regarding electrical safety and used in work in compliance with the Labor Safety Rules during the operation of electrical installations.

The conditions for using power tools and hand-held electrical machines in work, depending on the classes of power tools and hand-held electrical machines by type of protection against electric shock and the category of premises according to the degree of danger of electric shock to personnel, are given in Table 1 of the labor protection instructions “Working with portable hand-held mechanized tools, electric hand-held machines and portable lamps.”

Portable power tools, lamps, hand-held electrical machines and auxiliary equipment issued and used in work must be taken into account at the enterprise (in the division), be checked and tested within the time limits and volumes established by technical regulations, technical conditions for products, the current scope and standards for testing electrical equipment and electrical installation devices.

Requirements for household electrical appliances and office equipment

Household electrical appliances (refrigerators, kettles, coffee makers, microwave ovens, radios, room electric heaters, etc.) and office equipment (personal computers, laptops, printers, etc.). used at the enterprise must be cataloged and certified by a special organization for checking the safety of goods and their certification.

Electrical appliances must have the manufacturer's logo.

Household electrical appliances and office equipment must be in good condition, free from defects and signs of wear, must be easily disconnected from the network and located in areas where there is no risk of fire and no flammable substances,

Household electrical appliances and office equipment should not have open electrical parts.

If an appliance has exposed metal parts, it must have a power cord with a grounding conductor and an appropriate grounding plug.

To power electrical appliances, a network protected by ground fault circuit breakers must be used.

Friends, if you are interested in this topic, you can read the article:

Electrical safety - terms

Brief summary

To properly organize the assignment of electrical safety group I to the organization’s personnel, it is necessary to:

1. Develop basic local documents: Regulations on conducting briefing, testing knowledge and assigning Group I in electrical safety to non-electrical personnel, Instructions and Program for conducting briefing, testing knowledge and assigning Group I in electrical safety to non-electrical personnel.
2. Approve the List of positions and professions of workers classified as non-electrical personnel and who must undergo training and knowledge testing to be assigned group I in electrical safety.
3. Appoint a person responsible for conducting instructions and assigning group I from among electrical personnel with an electrical safety group of at least III. If there are no such employees at the enterprise, then either: hire such a person from outside (with the execution of a civil contract) or undergo certification.
4. Once every 12 months, conduct instruction with mandatory testing of acquired knowledge. Record the result in a journal.

Labor safety requirements before starting work. Electrical safety instructions

Before using a household electrical appliance or office equipment, it is necessary to inspect them for integrity and the absence of defects or damage. The power cord of the device must be in good condition and have no signs of wear, insulation damage, or damage.

Before starting work with portable power tools, lamps, and hand-held electrical machines, you should:

• determine the class of a machine or tool from the passport;
• check the completeness and reliability of fastening parts;
• make sure by external inspection that the cable (cord), its protective tube and plug are in good condition, the integrity of the insulating parts of the housing, the handle and brush holder covers, and protective covers:
• check the correct operation of the switch:
• perform (if necessary) testing of the residual current device (RCD);
• check the operation of the power tool and the machine at idle speed;
• check the serviceability of the grounding circuit of a power tool or class I machine (if any) (machine body - grounding contact of the plug);
• Do not place power tools, lamps, or hand-held electrical machines in places where they may be damaged.

It is not allowed to use portable power tools, lamps, hand-held electrical machines with related auxiliary equipment that have defects and have not undergone periodic inspection (testing).

Before performing a shift assignment, Personnel must ensure that the equipment, including electrical equipment, is in good working order. To do this you need to do the following:

• carry out an external inspection of the visible part of the grounding device, inspect the circuit between the grounding conductors and the grounded elements (metal parts of equipment that are not normally energized) for breaks and bad contacts;

• carry out an external inspection of wires, cables, equipment and make sure that there is no damaged insulation:
• make sure that protective barriers in hazardous areas and blocking devices are available and in good condition;
• check the serviceability and functionality of local lighting;
• check the presence of insulating supports and dielectric mats at the control panel.

If no comments on the equipment were identified during the inspection process. Personnel can start the equipment at idle and then begin work.

Electrical safety instructions

Basic labor protection requirements when working in electrical installations

Unauthorized entry into an electrical installation or electrical room by non-electrical and electrical engineering personnel is strictly prohibited.

Workers who do not service electrical installations may be allowed into them to perform production tasks, accompanied by:

• operational personnel with electrical safety group IV - in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 Volts;
• operational personnel with group III - in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 Volts;
• or an employee who has the right of sole inspection.

The accompanying worker must monitor the safety of people allowed into electrical installations and warn them not to approach live parts.

When working in electrical installations, personnel must know and observe the minimum permissible distances to live parts that are energized, including the boundary of the electric arc hazard zone, which are given in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1 Permissible distances to live parts that are energized. Electrical safety instructions

Table 2 Boundaries of the electric arc hazard zone for non-insulated live parts that are energized. Electrical safety instructions

In case of detection of deficiencies in the operation of the equipment. Personnel are required to stop it immediately and report any malfunctions to their supervisor.

It is strictly forbidden to start work until the equipment malfunctions are eliminated.

It is not allowed to carry out orders and tasks that contradict the requirements of the Rules and these instructions.

Requirements for the use of extension cords. Electrical safety instructions

It is prohibited to use extension cords with one outlet as permanent wiring.

Do not connect electrical extension cords together.

Extension cords should only be used when they are protected by ground circuit breakers.

Extension cords must be protected from mechanical damage, from contact with oils, solvents, and from falling; must be protected from wear, pinching, sharp objects, vehicles and pedestrians,

It is not allowed to pull, twist or bend the cable, place a load on it, or allow it to intersect with cables, cables, or gas welding hoses.

Extension cords should be located so that they do not create slip, trip or fall hazards.

Single-outlet extension cords should, whenever possible, be secured and suspended using non-conductive devices.

Each time before using extension cords, they must be visually inspected.

If signs of wear, damage to the cord insulation, damage, dents, pinching or other defects are detected, the extension cord is immediately taken out of service.

When the equipment is running, do not remove the extension cord from the socket.

Do not unplug extension cords connected to disconnect switches from the outlet if the switch is in the closed position.

Requirements for the use of portable electric tools and lamps, hand-held electrical machines. Electrical safety instructions

It is not allowed to use portable power tools, lamps, hand-held electrical machines with related auxiliary equipment that have defects and have not undergone periodic inspection (testing).

When using power tools, lamps, and hand-held electrical machines, their wires and cables should be suspended whenever possible. Direct contact of wires and cables with hot, wet or oily surfaces or objects is not allowed.

The cable of a power tool, lamp, or hand-held electrical machine must be protected from accidental mechanical damage and contact with hot, damp and oily surfaces.

It is not allowed to pull, twist or bend the cable, place a load on it, or allow it to intersect with cables, cables, or gas welding hoses.

In the event of a power failure or interruption in operation, portable power tools and lamps, hand-held electrical machines must be disconnected from the electrical network,

If any malfunctions are detected, work with a portable power tool, lamp, or hand-held electrical machine must be stopped immediately.

Damaged portable power tools, lamps, and hand-held electrical machines are immediately taken out of service.

Requirements for the use of household electrical appliances and office equipment. Electrical safety instructions

Household electrical appliances and office equipment must be in good condition, free from defects and signs of wear, must be easily disconnected from the network and located in areas where there is no risk of fire and no flammable substances.

Electrical staff

Everything is relatively simple with him. If an employee has the position of electrician, electrician, etc., if he is an engineer and technical worker and is appointed responsible for electrical equipment or is a deputy responsible, then, accordingly, he performs his production function - operation of an electrical installation, and therefore must have an appropriate group for electrical safety. For the person in charge and his deputy, when working in electrical installations up to 1000 V, this is group IV, above 1000 V - V. Maintenance and operating personnel must have groups from II to IV, depending on the nature of the work performed.

As a rule, electrical personnel undergo initial training at a training center according to a 72-hour program, after which they pass an exam and receive Group II in electrical safety. After two months, he can be certified to III, and then after another three months to IV electrical safety group. In any case, repeated knowledge testing is established once a year. That is, once a year, an employee must, by passing an exam, confirm his knowledge in the field of electrical safety to the extent that his existing group corresponds. The examination commission constantly operates in the branches of Rostechnadzor and in accredited training centers, or can be created at the enterprise [Clause 1.4.30 of the Rules].

Occupational safety requirements in emergency situations. Electrical safety instructions

In case of accidents, in order to free the victim from the action of electric current, the voltage must be removed immediately without prior permission from the operating personnel.

Procedure for freeing a victim from electric current. Electrical safety instructions

In case of electric shock, it is necessary to free the victim from the action of the current as quickly as possible, since the severity of the electric injury depends on the duration of the current.

If the wire is in the hands of the victim and current flows through his body. exceeding non-releasing (more than 10 mA), the fingers of his hands are convulsively clenched so that it becomes impossible to release the wire from his hands. Therefore, the first action of the person providing assistance should be to quickly turn off that part of the electrical installation that the victim is touching.

If the victim is at a height, then turning off the electrical installation and thereby releasing the current can cause him to fall from a height. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to prevent a fall or to reduce the degree of injury to a person when falling from a height.

If it is impossible to turn off the installation quickly enough, it is necessary to take measures to free the victim from live parts that he touches. In all cases, the person providing assistance should not touch the victim without taking proper precautions, since at this point in time the victim is part of the cost of the electric current. The person providing assistance must ensure that they do not themselves come into contact with live parts or under step voltage.

Step voltage (step voltage) is the voltage between two points of the current circuit, located at a distance of a step, on which a person simultaneously stands.

To free the victim from live parts or wires with voltage up to 1000 Volts, use a rope, stick, board or any other dry object that does not conduct electric current. You can also pull the victim away from live parts by clothing (if it is dry and comes off the body). You can isolate yourself by standing on a rubber mat, a dry board or any non-electrically conductive bedding, a bundle of clothes, etc.

When separating a victim from live parts, it is recommended to use one hand.

If an electric current passes into the ground through the victim and he convulsively squeezes the current-carrying element in his hand, it is easier to interrupt the current circuit by separating the victim from the ground (put a dry board under him), while observing the above precautions both in relation to himself and but towards the victim. You can also cut the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or cut them with a tool with insulating handles. It is necessary to cut or cut the wires in phases, i.e. each wire separately, and it is recommended, if possible, to stand on dry boards, wooden stairs, etc.

To free the victim from live parts energized above 1000 Volts, you should wear dielectric gloves and boots and use an insulating rod or insulating pliers designed for the appropriate voltage. In this case, you should remember the danger of step voltage if the live part lies on the ground. After freeing the victim from live parts, he must be taken out of this area.

Measures to prevent injury from step voltage include eliminating the possibility of people staying in the current spreading zone and removing the person from the area in which the dangerous potential has arisen in small steps.

First aid measures for victims of electric current. Electrical safety instructions

First aid measures depend on the condition in which the victim is after he is released from the electric current. In all cases of electric shock, it is imperative to call a doctor, regardless of the condition of the victim.

If the victim is conscious, but previously fainted or is in an unconscious state, but with stable breathing and pulse remaining, he should be laid on a bed of clothes, unbuttoned clothes that are restricting breathing, create a flow of fresh air, rub and warm the body and provide complete peace, removing unnecessary people.

The unconscious victim should be given ammonia to sniff and his face sprayed with cold water.

If an unconscious victim regains consciousness, he should be given 15*20 drops of valerian tincture and hot tea to drink.

Under no circumstances should the victim be allowed to move, much less continue to work, since the absence of severe symptoms after the injury does not exclude the possibility of a subsequent deterioration of his condition. Only a doctor can decide the health status of the victim.

If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is palpable, it is necessary to immediately give him artificial respiration.

Carrying out artificial respiration. Electrical safety instructions

It is recommended to carry out artificial respiration using the “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” method, since this ensures that a significantly larger volume of blown air enters the victim’s lungs.

To carry out artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfastening the clothing that restricts breathing and the waist belt. Before starting artificial respiration, it is necessary to ensure patency of the airways, which may be closed by a sunken tongue or foreign contents. The victim's head is tilted back as much as possible, placing one hand under the neck and pressing the other on the forehead. After this, the person providing assistance takes a deep breath and then, pressing his mouth tightly against the victim’s mouth (preferably through gauze, a napkin or a mouth-to-mouth mask), exhales into him. In this case, the victim’s nose must be covered with the cheek or fingers of the hand on the forehead.

If the victim’s jaws are clenched so tightly that it is impossible to open his mouth, artificial respiration should be performed using the “mouth to nose” method.

Each blowing of air should be done sharply and vigorously, after about 5 seconds, which corresponds to a breathing rate of about 12 times per minute. After each insufflation, the victim’s mouth and nose are freed for free (passive) release of air from the lungs. For a deeper exhalation, you need to gently press your hand on the chest to help the air leave the victim’s lungs.

When the first weak breaths appear, artificial inhalation should be timed to coincide with the victim’s spontaneous inhalation.

Artificial respiration is carried out until the victim’s own deep and rhythmic breathing is restored.

Carrying out external (indirect) heart massage. Electrical safety instructions

To maintain blood circulation in a victim in the event of cardiac arrest (determined by the absence of a pulse in the carotid artery and the dilation of the pupil) or fibrillation, it is necessary to perform external (indirect) cardiac massage simultaneously with artificial respiration.

To perform external cardiac massage, you should lay the victim with his back on a hard surface or place a board under him. The person providing assistance should take a position (to the right or left of the victim) in which they can bend over the victim. Having determined by palpation the place of pressure (it should be approximately two fingers above the soft end of the sternum), the person providing assistance should place his hand on it, palm down.

The palm of the other hand is placed on the first at a right angle. You should press lightly, while helping by tilting your body.

The pressure should be applied with a quick push so as to move the lower part of the sternum down by 3*4 cm, and in obese people - by 5*6 cm and fix it in this position for about 0.5 seconds, then quickly release it. relaxing your hands, but not removing them from your sternum. Pressure should be repeated every second or somewhat more often, since only with a frequency of pressure of at least 60 per minute can sufficient blood flow be ensured. You should also avoid pressing on the upper part of the sternum, on the ends of the lower ribs, as this can lead to their fracture. Do not press below the edge of the chest (on soft tissues), otherwise you can damage the organs located here, primarily the liver.

The effectiveness of external cardiac massage is manifested primarily in the fact that each pressure on the sternum causes a pulse to appear in the femoral and carotid arteries.

Other signs of the effectiveness of massage are constriction of the pupils (which indicates an adequate supply of oxygen to the brain) and a decrease in the bluishness of the skin and mucous membranes.

In case of fire:

• stop working;
• turn off electrical equipment;
• inform immediate or higher management and call the fire brigade by phone 01;
• take measures to evacuate people if possible and begin extinguishing the fire using available fire extinguishing equipment.

About any situation that threatens the life and health of people, about every accident that occurs during work, including injury, the employee (victim or eyewitness) is obliged to immediately report the incident to his immediate supervisor, who is obliged to urgently organize first aid to the victim and deliver him to the first aid station.

Start work only after eliminating the causes that caused the emergency and after permission from the immediate supervisor.