Rules for making entries in accounting

What is an account

Every commercial company is created for the purpose of making a profit. At the same time, she makes various transactions every day, the accounting of which is very easy to get confused without a clearly organized accounting structure. Moreover, according to Art. 2 of the Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, all legal entities are required to maintain accounting records.

It is organized through continuous documentation of each business transaction and carries several functions:

• informational;
• control;
• feedback;
• analytical.

Find out who is responsible for organizing accounting here.

Accounting provides information about the financial and economic state of affairs to both internal (managers, management, founders, etc.) and external users (controlling, fiscal and other government agencies).

One of the accounting methods is double entry using accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (for commercial structures).

You can view the chart of accounts in the article .

Double entry is an accounting entry that reflects a business transaction using 2 offsetting accounts. Each account has a specific number, structure and characteristics. In this case, the same amount is recorded in both accounts.

Example 1

Consider the operation “Cash in the amount of 20,000 rubles. handed over from the cash desk to the bank.”

Based on its economic meaning, we select the appropriate corresponding accounts: 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”.

Funds are sent from the credit of account 50 to the debit of account 51. This operation is recorded by a cash receipt order, a bank statement, the counterfoil of an advertisement for cash deposits and the entry: Dt 51 Kt 50 - in the amount of 20,000 rubles.

This means that the balance at the bank servicing the enterprise increased, but at the cash desk decreased by the same amount (RUB 20,000).

To use accounts correctly, you must not only choose them correctly, but also know what type they are.

Accounts can be active, passive and active-passive.

Active accounts reflect the assets (property, debts, etc.) of the enterprise and have only a debit (positive) balance. An increase in assets is recorded as a debit to the corresponding account, a write-off is recorded as a credit.

The main active accounts are presented in the table:

Liability accounts indicate the sources of the company's assets and have only a credit balance. These include, in particular:

Active-passive accounts include accounts that have both a debit and a credit balance. For example, if account 60 “Settlements with suppliers” has a credit balance, it means that the company owes the counterparty for supplies or services supplied. If we paid an advance to the supplier, it means that the counterparty already owes our company. This transaction has a debit balance.

On account 62, an unpaid receivable may arise, which in some cases is considered doubtful, because may not be paid by the buyer. In order to correctly reflect such debt on the balance sheet, each organization is required to create a reserve for doubtful debts.

Find out how to correctly record entries for doubtful debts in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution by getting trial access to the system for free.

Accounts also have analytics for subaccounts. For example, for account 10 these will be accounts 10.1 “Raw materials”, 10.2 “Purchased semi-finished products”, 10.3 “Fuel”, etc.

Online compilation

Computer technologies make work much easier. Where previously 5-6 accountants were required, now one can cope. Online postings, accounting, error checking - the list of available options is not limited to this.

Online technologies make life much easier

Modern software and hardware systems, depending on what operations will be carried out, offer ready-made solutions. The accountant can only confirm the actions. Salary, expense report - postings cover almost everything. The only thing that has not yet been implemented in accounting is the introduction of primary data. Alas, this is still the prerogative of man. Whereas drawing up transactions using computers and even online services is already a thing today.

https://youtu.be/i192vbNiHZc

Table of transactions for business transactions in accounting

There are a great variety of wiring. In this case, a business transaction can be reflected in 1 entry (simple entries) or several (complex entries).

For example, goods were received with VAT in the amount of 50,000 rubles. This fact must be reflected in 2 entries:

• goods and materials arrived at the warehouse: Dt 41 Kt 60 - 42,372.88 rubles;
• Input VAT is allocated: Dt 19 Kt 60 - 7,627.12 rubles.

Find typical accounting entries for VAT accounting here.

Let's look at the basic entries in accounting.

Accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets:

Read more about fixed asset accounting in the article “Accounting for fixed assets - accounting entries” .

Inventory accounting:

For detailed entries for materials accounting, see the article “Accounting entries for materials accounting .

Cost accounting:

Examples of cost accounting transactions can be found in the article “Postings Dt 20 Kt 23, 10 (nuances)” .

Accounting for goods and finished products:

The algorithm for accounting for goods is reflected in the article “Postings Dt 41 and Kt 41, 60 (nuances)” .

Cash accounting (hereinafter referred to as DS):

More detailed information can be found in the section “Bank, cash desk” .

Accounting for settlements:

For the procedure for accounting for mutual settlements with suppliers and customers, see the articles:

• “Account 60 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “Account 62 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “How are settlements with debtors and creditors reflected in accounting?”

Capital Accounting:

For the main entries for capital accounting, see the article “Procedure for accounting for an organization’s own capital (nuances)” .

Financial results:

We talked about the entries for accounting for retained earnings on account 84 here.

Examples of accounting entries for analyzing changes in the balance sheet under the influence of business transactions

Let's look at examples of basic accounting entries using the example of Alliance LLC.

Example 2

In June Gordienko A.V. decided to create a company for the production of custom-made furniture. He had his own savings of 100,000 rubles. and a machine worth 55,000 rubles. This property was contributed by him as a contribution to the authorized capital.

The very first entry in any company is the reflection of the authorized capital. Selecting the corresponding accounts:

• 75 “Settlements with founders”;
• 80 “Authorized capital”.

According to the constituent documents, Gordienko A.V. must contribute 155,000 rubles to Alliance LLC. We record this fact by writing: Dt 75 Kt 80 - 155,000 rubles.

Of these, 100,000 rubles. were deposited into a bank account. Current accounts are account 51. We send funds from Gordienko A.V. to the company's account with the following posting: Dt 51 Kt 75 - 100,000 rubles.

According to sub. 5 clause 1 PBU 6/01 property worth no more than 40,000 rubles. can be taken into account as part of inventories (inventories). If an asset is valued at a higher cost, it is classified as depreciable property. Thus, we record the receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the management company with the entry: Dt 08 Kt 75 - 55,000 rubles.

If a company applies PBU 18/02, it is obliged to reflect temporary differences between accounting and tax accounting (BU and NU), since in tax accounting assets with a cost of 100,000 rubles are included in fixed assets. and more. What transactions should be used to display temporary differences between accounting and financial accounting and what changes in PBU 18/02 have been applied since 2020? The answers to these and other questions are in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution; get trial access to the system for free.

We put the OS object into operation by wiring: Dt 01 Kt 08 - 55,000 rubles.

At the end of the month, it will be necessary to calculate depreciation according to the method prescribed in the accounting policy. Since the machine is directly involved in production, we select account 20 to account for depreciation costs.

According to the accounting policy, the company uses the straight-line method of calculating depreciation. The useful life of the machine is 60 months (55,000 rubles divided by 60 months and we get 900 rubles of depreciation per month).

For examples of calculating depreciation using the FIFO and LIFO methods, see the article “Example of calculation using the FIFO and LIFO methods in accounting.”

This fact is reflected by the entry: Dt 20 Kt 02 - 900 rub.

Cash in the amount of 70,000 rubles. were used to purchase materials.

Let's make the wiring:

• Dt 60 Kt 51 - 70,000 rub. (materials paid to the supplier, primary document - bank statement);
• Dt 10 Kt 60 - 59,300 rub. (materials received, primary material - TORG-12, invoice);
• Dt 19 Kt 60 - 10,700 rub. (input VAT included).

The company submitted input VAT for deduction, reflecting it in the purchase book and recording it with the following posting: Dt 68 (VAT subaccount) Kt 19 - 10,700 rubles.

During the month, the company produced 2 orders:

• wardrobe with a cost of 25,000 rubles. (including materials for 15,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions);
• kitchen set costing 45,000 rubles. (including materials for 35,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions).

Thus, materials in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (15,000 + 35,000) were written off for production.

The cabinet was sold for 42,000 rubles, and the kitchen set for 70,000 rubles. Payment for the cabinet was received in the amount of 20,000 rubles. The balance is 22,000 rubles. The buyer, according to the agreement, will transfer until July 10. Payment for the kitchen has been received in full.

On June 15, the bank received DS in the amount of 15,000 rubles: Dt 50 Kt 51 - 15,000 rubles.

Of this, an advance was paid to employees in the amount of 12,000 rubles: Dt 70 Kt 50 - 12,000 rubles.

An accountant works at Alliance LLC. On June 30, he received a salary of 5,000 rubles, and contributions from the payroll amounted to 1,500 rubles:

• Dt 26 Kt 70 - 5,000 rub.;
• Dt 26 Kt 69 — 1,500 rub.

On the same day, contributions were transferred from the salaries of all employees: Dt 69 Kt 51 - 6,100 rubles. (4,600 + 1,500).

Since the employer is a tax agent, he is obliged to withhold and transfer personal income tax from the income of employees. For residents it is 13%. That is, for June, Alliance LLC needs to transfer 2,600 rubles to the budget. (20,400 × 13%).

These operations are recorded by postings:

• Dt 70 Kt 68 (personal income tax subaccount) - tax accrued;
• Dt 68 Kt 51 - tax transfer.

On the last day of the month, it is necessary to close cost accounts to identify financial results. During the month, all general production and general business expenses are collected in Dt account 25 (26).

At the end of the month, the balance is distributed among the products produced and is recorded as follows: Dt 20 Kt 26 - 6,500 rubles.

The balance of account 20 is closed to the debit of account 90 in the absence of work in progress: Dt 90.2 Kt 20 - 7,400 rubles.

To compile a summary SALT, and then prepare to submit the balance, let’s consider the turnover for each account involved.

Thus, in June Alliance LLC earned 17,500 rubles.

Consolidated SALT for June Alliance LLC

The article “Accounting and analysis of financial results” will help to analyze the company’s performance in more detail and determine the impact of business transactions on the balance sheet.

Reflection of profit

To solve the problem under consideration, according to the accounting rules, it is necessary to compare the sizes of all “debits” and “credits” for account 90 for the billing period (for example, for a month) according to the scheme familiar to us.

Above, we agreed that our goods were sold for 100,000 rubles. That is, based on the posting of Dt 62 Kt 90.1, the amount of 100,000 rubles is a “loan”. Let's agree that the cost of our goods - according to wiring Dt 90.2 Kt 41 - is 70,000 rubles. This is a "debit".

Thus, the difference between debit and credit is 30,000 rubles. Credit - more. The amount of excess of credit over debit in terms of revenue in account 90 means that there is a profit - a liability.

The formation of profit is recorded by the posting familiar to us: Dt 90.9 Kt 99 (30,000 rubles). That is, a liability is formed, which can then be used to form assets.

But this, again, requires the accountant to perform one more operation - the formation of retained earnings (which can already be directed by business owners for any purpose). Let's look at examples of how to make an accounting entry for it.

Results

The main purpose of accounting is to inform all interested users about the state of affairs in the company. In order to generate reliable and complete information, continuous accounting of transactions using the double entry method is used.

To record a business transaction, you must select current accounts from the working chart of accounts approved in the company's accounting policy. Possible correspondence of accounts are also given in order No. 94n.

Sources:

• Federal Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ “On Accounting”
• Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n

You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Full and free access to the system for 2 days.